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High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle
(HMMWV) "Hummer" Index
.JPG)
M998 Cargo/Troop Carrier
Series Specifcations
| Country of Origin/Used by: | USA (and Many other Countries) |
| First Produced/Service Dates: |
A0 Series: 1984 A1 Series: 1993 A2 Series: 1995 ECV Series: 1995 M1100 R-EV Series: 2005 |
| Manufactured by: | AM General, LLC. |
| Crew: | Various depending on vehicle. |
| Armament: | Various armament configurations depending on vehicle. |
| Engine: | A0, A1 &
A2/R1 Series: 8 Cylinder Diesel ECH & M1100 R-EV Series: 8 Cylinder Turbo Diesel |
| Miscellaneous Info: | In the
late 1970's the U.S. Military announced it planned to replace many of
its wheeled vehicles in the 3/4 to 1 1/4 ton classes, with one
standardized vehicle, but having multiple variants. The name of this
project was the High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). The
vehicles slated for replacement were the
M151A2 Mutt,
M274 Mechanical Mule,
M561 Gama Goat, M715 Kaiser Jeep and M880/1008/1009 Commercial Utility
Cargo Vehicle (CUCV) series. Five (5) manufacturers responded to the
Request for Proposal, with three (3) ultimately being selected to build
prototypes. Those three companies were AM General, LLC. (XM998), Chrysler Defense Products Division-later
sold to General Dynamics
(Expanded Capacity Vehicle) and
Teledyne Continental (also referred to
as the XM998). Ultimately after a rigorous, and sometimes
contentious and testing/assessment process, the AM General XM998 was
selected as the new U.S. Military's HMMWV. The first AM General vehicles rolled off the production line in 1984, with the M998 Utility/Cargo/Troop Carrier being the initial variant offered in a line-up that ultimately grew to 15 or 16, depending on the source. The first production vehicles would retroactively be referred to as "A0" versions, after subsequent upgraded production runs occurred. One important milestone in the A0 series that must be mentioned separately is the M1097 Cargo/Troop Carrier/Prime Mover, Heavy HMMWV Variant (HHV). The M1097 was designed much later in the A0 series (1992) and was built to be used primarily as an artillery prime mover. As a result, the M1097 vehicle was upgraded with a new suspension and drive train, as well as with a few other minor changes made. The importance of this specific variant was that the upgrades to the M1097 were incorporated into the base improvements that would be added into the next vehicle production run for ALL variants. That next production run would result in what would become the second HMMWV series, the "A1's". The A1 series of HMMWV's went into full production in 1993, resulting in a pared down number of 11 or 12 variants, again depending on the source. Besides including the upgraded suspension and drive train from the M1097, the A1 series also included new front seats, improved parking brake lever, new metal hood grill, improved slave receptacle, modified rifle mounts and uprated drive axle half-shafts. Although successful, soon afterwards in 1995, vehicle improvements were still warranted, resulting in the "A2" HMMWV series. The A2 series were produced in 10 or 11 variants. The A2 upgrades included a more powerful diesel engine, an electronically controlled 4-speed automatic transmission, redesigned emissions system, improved heater, new rear seats, improved steering wheel/column and the allowance for the fitting of a Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS). Around the same time as the A2 series were put into production in 1993, AM General independently developed a vehicle that was substantially more armored than past variants. Up until that time, the armor fitted to the HMMWV's was limited or entirely supplemental to the vehicle design. This new transitional variant, the M1109 Heavy Up-Armored Armament Carrier, was quickly put into service and performed very well. Quickly building on the up-armored HMMWV concept, AM General then developed the Expanded Capacity HMMWV (ECH). That moniker was later changed to Expanded Capacity Vehicle (ECV). Like the M1109, the heavier armored ECV also used the M1097A2 as the base vehicle and O'Gara-Hess provided the armor, but AM General also added a new more powerful turbo-diesel engine, reinforced frame, new wheels, modified differentials, upgraded steering system, new half-shafts, improved brakes and uprated engine cooling system. The first vehicle in the series was the M1113 Expanded Capacity Cargo/Troop/Shelter Carrier, which further led to four (4) other variants. In the meantime, the older A0 and A1 series HMMWV's were getting to the end of their service lives. So, in 2004 the U.S. Military decided to initiate a Recapitalization Program (RP) which would refurbish and upgrade older A0 and A1 series vehicles which were in the best condition for a rebuild. The vehicles covered by the RP would be ultimately upgraded to the A2 series standard (as discussed above). The program initially only planned to refurbish/upgrade the older M998 and M1037 S250/S788 Shelter Carrier variants. However, the RP was expanded to include other variants, including the M1038 Utility/Cargo/Troop Carrier with Winch, M1025/1026 Armament Carriers and M1097 variants. The vehicles upgraded under the RP had the suffix "R1" affixed to their designation (i.e. M1025R1). The final incarnation of the HMMWV occurred in 2005 with a further upgrade to the ECV, which was named the M1100 Series Reliability-Enhanced Vehicle (R-EV). Based upon the M1113 ECV chassis, only three (3) base variants were ultimately designed, but those being more flexible in design. The R-EV included a base level armor package that was installed at the factory. The base armor package is referred to as "A-Kit". This armor package was also designed to be supplemented depending on the mission/environment, using dedicated add-on armor packages, referred to a "B-Kit". As a side note, later in the RP schedule (discussed above), there were plans to upgrade and rebuild the oldest M1151 Armament Carriers in service. However, only between 300-400 vehicles were rebuilt before that phase of the RP was cancelled. Although the HMMWV soldiers on at the time of writing (2019), it is currently being replaced by the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). |
HMMWV Variants (Vehicles with Hyperlinks available at WarWheels.net)
| Ambulances | |
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| Armament/Weapon Carriers | |
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| Cargo/Troop Carriers/Shelter Carriers/Prime Movers | |
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| Other HMMWV Variants | |
| Miscellaneous | |
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References Available
Online
| Reference | Source/Provider |
| HMMWV Information & Photos | Federation of American Scientists |
| HMMWV Information & Photos | Global Security.org |
| HMMWV Information & Photos | HMMWV In Scale Facebook Page |
| HMMWV Photos | Prime Portal |
| HMMWV Vehicle Variant Listing | Global Security.org |
| "Up-Armored Heavy Hummer Variant (HHV) Ballistic Protection Configuration" By David Haugh | Armored Car - The Wheeled Fighting Vehicle Journal (Issue #2) |
| Vehicle Hardening Information Article | Global Security.org |
Printed
| Reference | Author |
| AM General Humvee: 1985 Onwards (All Military Variants) (Haynes Publishing) | Pat Ware |
| AM General-The First 50 Years: 1971-2021 (David
Doyle Books) Book Review by Christophe Jacquemont |
David Doyle |
| Armored Car- A History of American Wheeled Combat Vehicles | R.J. Hunnicutt |
| Battle Griffin: Multinational Excercise in the Land of the Vikings (Tankograd Publishing) | Clemens Niesner |
| Encyclopedia of Modern U.S. Military Tactical Vehicles (Tankograd Publications) | Carl Schulze |
| "From XR311 to Hummer: The US Army's Largest Ever Contract For Tactical Wheeled Vehicles" | Wheels & Tracks: The International Review of Military Vehicles - Issue #4 |
| High Mobility: A Visual History of the US Army's Modern High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle - Part 1 (Ampersand Group, Inc.) | David Doyle |
| HMMWV: Workhorse of the US Army | Concord Publications |
| HMMWV's of Arifjan, The: A Photographic Record | Christoper Causley |
| Hummer In Action | Jim Mesko |
| "Hummer In Focus" (February 2013 Issue of Military Machines International Magazine) | Ian Young |
| "Hummer Update: The Hummer Humvee Family Has Firmly Established Itself " | Wheels & Tracks: The International Review of Military Vehicles - Issue #38 |
| Humvee: American Multi-Purpose Support
Truck (Pen & Sword Books, Ltd.) Review by Brent Sauer |
Ben Skipper |
| Humvee: America's Military Workhorse (Schiffer Publishing) | Christian M. Dejohn |
| Humvee At War (Zenith Press) | Michael Green and Greg Stewart |
| IFOR: Vehicles of the Multinational IFOR Peace-Keeping Operation (1995-96) (Tankograd Publications) | Carl Schulze |
| Iraq Insurgency: US Army Armored Vehicles In Action: Part 1 (Concord Publications) | Carl Schulze |
|
ISAF Vehicles in
Afghanistan: 2007 (Kabul and Kandahar Areas) - Mushroom Model
Publications Book Review by Patrick Keenan |
Dick Taylor |
| Landing Zone Lebanon: UNIFIL 2006 (Blue Steel Books) | Moustafa Assad |
| Marines on the Ground: Operation Iraqi Freedom 1 (Concord Mini-Color Series) | Gordon Arthur |
| Marines on the Ground: Operation Iraqi Freedom 2 (Concord Mini-Color Series) | Gordon Arthur |
| Modern U.S. Military Vehicles (MBI Publishing Company) | Fred Crismon |
|
"Philippine
Marines" (June 2010 Issue of
Military Machines International
Magazine) |
Franz Tinio-Lopez |
"Sharp In Tooth and Claw" (August 2019 Issue of
Classic
Military Vehicle Magazine) |
John Teasdale |
| "The Load-Bearing Humvee" (September 2019 Issue of Classic Military Vehicle Magazine) | John Teasdale |
| Special Forces Land Vehicles: MRAP's, Motorcycles & All-Terrain Vehicles (Amber Books) | Alexander Stillwell |
| Special Operations Patrol Vehicles: Afghanistan & Iraq (New Vanguard #179)- Osprey Publishing | Leigh Neville |
| UNITAF In Somalia: Vehicles of Restore Hope Forces - Concord Publications | Barry Beldam |
| US Army HMMWV's In Iraq (Concord Publications) | Carl Schulze and Ralph Zwilling |
| US Military Wheeled Vehicles (Concord Publications) | Michael Green and Greg Stewart |
Hobby Modeling
For a Full List of Model Kits and Accessories related to the HMMWV series, you can check out Scalemates.
Model Photos
| Photos | Source/Provider |
| HMMWV Model Collection (1/35) | Roy Kinsella - Dublin, Ireland |
